Selenium
More mature and widely adopted but requires WebDriver and more setup complexity.
Cypress
Offers a rich interactive test runner but supports fewer browsers and lacks mobile browser testing.
Playwright
Supports multiple languages and browsers with powerful automation features but has a steeper learning curve.
Puppeteer
Focused on Chrome/Chromium automation with less cross-browser support.
Robot Framework
Keyword-driven testing framework with broader application but less JavaScript-centric.